Law Enforcement Issues free essay sample

When a citizens property was stolen, one would pay a certain fee to have the police recover the goods and arrest the perpetrator-I This fee-for-service system was not continued because police arrive was seen as a public entitlement. Restricting police service to only those who could afford to pay would create a social injustice. The thought in a democracy is that public services should be equally available to all. (www. Accelerometer. Org/articles/ Andrews. As) Are police officers unethical to accept gifts like free coffee and dinners?What I saw as a wrong act was taken by others, as a right. Gratuity is something given willingly or beyond compulsion generally for some service. The concern becomes cloudy as to whether the receiving of free coffee and free or cut-rate meals is in fact, by definition, gratuity. Even if the receiving of free or cut-rate items is not taken formally as a gratuity, does this mean that its acceptance is Justly sound? Some police officers have departmental policies that affirm that officers can accept gratuities as long as they do not ask for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement: Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other officers describe difference between what is an permitted gratuity. Could ethical opinion of receiving gratuities be a matter of belief, or are the taking of granulates a community social act that should persist as an association between the community and the police? Different pinions are present among officers, as well as in different books and studies. Distinction between gratuities and corruption Is not a clear perception. Within the a large number of any police authority, the practice of taking gifts, switching services, and widen professional courtesies is acknowledged by all citizens.It is a common part of business affairs for a salesman to offer a deal to a sound customer or for a firm to obtain constructive advertising space on a publication or tabloid by paying extra. Staff on communal payrolls also accepts gifts for professional services endured. The compensation of free coffee and discounted meals or services from businesses to police officers Is a prevalent, long-established practice In many authorities. Free coffee is possibly the most frequently accepted gratuity.Additional services that businessmen anticipate in return for giving a gratuity may include such instant acts as extra protection during business hours and after closing, police attend to banks, and regular patrol of the business locality. While officers offer extra services to personal businesses in return for a free cup of 1 OFF Anton be supposed as going to the main bidder; choice must be based on need. Most officers consent that presenting free goods and services as an right and basing efforts in handling a complaint on what the complainant has given the officer is immoral.But, according to the most of the officers a huge gray area is present, particularly in the receiving of f ree coffee to raise officer being there. Observation is significant; exchanging a complimentary cup of coffee may be harmless. Yet, the publics opinion is vital in the favor and view that the community has for their law enforcement agency. In one of the cases an officer recommended that a new restaurant opened in her town and the owners gave free meals to police officers.Subsequently, the city put into practice a policy that began to charge businesses after the police department reacted to a limited number of false alarms. The new business expected a bill because of its number of false alarms, but the owners declined to pay based on the long list of free meals given to the police department. The media published the story, which revealed badly on the department. Many hold a view that the coffee is low-cost and that owners are screening gratitude y offering a cup and enjoying the fact that officers spend time in their shops. Consequently, what is the harm?On the other hand, what happens in unrestricted issues where officers stop the owner or an employee for speeding? They may base their Judgment whether to cite on the fact that they received free coffee. Should the free coffee aspect in the officers assessment? Some law enforcement officers think that if the gratuity is not given, the opinion of reprisal may become an issue if the officer was put into the point of enforcement against the store owner or employee. What makes a gift a gratuity is the rationale it is given, what makes it dishonesty is the basis it is taken.The officer also think that on a unrestricted call the option remains that the officer may come to a decision in favor of the violator based on the offering of gratuities, but this has not occurred in his department. Recommendations Clearly, no general agreement subsists on the receiving of gratuities or even what represent a gratuity. As a superintendent, the rational move would be to no t allow officers to allow free coffee and discounted or free meals. Reviewing gratuities can dead to surplus view by the public and bring the agencys caution into question. Though, a Christmas gift given by a personal business to a department may be customary as a token of a working affiliation. Furthermore, agencies should feel free to accept assistance from fraternal group that donate to programs that help the general community. But, when an officer receives items on a custom basis, a harmful connection may develop or be apparent as such. To eradicate uncertainty, agencies should put into practice a policy against the reception of free or discounted items by individual officers.Law enforcement officers frequently face the problem of receiving gratuities. Some officers hold the opinion that the acceptance of free coffee and free or discounted meals as a right, while others views it as an immoral act. Police officers should regard as the opinion of the public, as well as business owners, when receiving gratuities. Departmental policies on gratuities differ between agencies, and officers may question precisely what add up to a gratuity. To eradicate perplexity, departments should make sure that their policies clearly differentiate what is acceptable.

Tips to Improve Your French Pronunciation

Tips to Improve Your French Pronunciation Speaking French is more than just knowing the vocabulary and grammar rules. You also need to pronounce the letters correctly. Unless you started learning French as a child, youre unlikely to ever sound like a native speaker, but its certainly not impossible for adults to speak with a decent French accent. Here are some ideas to help you improve your French pronunciation. Learn French Sounds Basic French PronunciationThe first thing you need to do is understand how each letter is usually pronounced in French.Letters in DetailAs in English, some letters have two or more sounds, and letter combinations often make completely new sounds.French AccentsAccents dont show up on certain letters just for decoration - they often give clues about how to pronounce those letters.International Phonetic AlphabetFamiliarize yourself with the pronunciation symbols used in French dictionaries. Get a Decent Dictionary When you see a new word, you can look it up to find out how its pronounced. But if youre using a little pocket dictionary, youll find that many words arent there. When it comes to French dictionaries, bigger really is better. Some French dictionary software even includes sound files. Pronunciation Preparation and Practice Once youve learned how to pronounce everything, you need to practice it. The more you speak, the easier it will be to make all of those sounds. Here are some techniques that can help you in your French accent improvement project. Listen to FrenchThe more you listen to French, the better youll get at hearing and distinguishing between unfamiliar sounds, and the easier it will be for you to produce them yourself.Listen and RepeatSure, this isnt something youd do in real life, but mimicking words or phrases over and over is an excellent way to develop your pronunciation skills. My French audio dictionary has 2,500 sound files of words and short phrases.Listen to YourselfRecord yourself speaking French and then listen carefully to the playback - you might discover pronunciation mistakes that youre not aware of when you speak. Read Out LoudIf youre still stumbling over words with tricky letter combinations or lots of syllables, you definitely need more practice. Try reading out loud to get used to making all of those new sounds. Pronunciation Problems Depending on your native language, certain French sounds and pronunciation concepts are more difficult than others. Take a look at my page on pronunciation difficulties for lessons (with sound files) on some typical trouble spots for English speakers (and possibly others as well). Speak Like the Natives When you learn French, you learn the correct way to say everything, not necessarily the way the French actually say it. Check out my lessons on informal French to learn how to sound more like native speakers: Informal negationInformal pronounsInformal questions Pronunciation Tools Unlike grammar and vocabulary, pronunciation is something that you cant learn by reading (although there are some excellent French pronunciation books). But you really do need to interact with native speakers. Ideally, you would do this face to face, such as by going to France or another French-speaking country, taking a class, working with a tutor, or joining the Alliance franà §aise.If those truly are not an option, at the very least you need to listen to French, such as with these tools: French listening onlineFrench audio booksFrench audio magazinesFrench audio tapes and CDsFrench radioFrench softwareFrench TV The Bottom Line Getting a good French accent is all about practice - both passive (listening) and active (speaking). Practice really does make perfect. Improve Your French Improve your French listening comprehensionImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary

Catcher In The Rye Essays (911 words) - J. D. Salinger, Free Essays

Catcher in the Rye "There's far more to the censorship issue than a ban on sex and four-letter words. I sometimes think that those of us who need to be the most clearheaded about these matters are planting the very trees that obscure our view of the forest," says Dorothy Briley. According to Briley, a vast amount more is needed than simply vulgar language and suggestive material to censor a novel. But this is the very reason why J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is frequently being banned from high schools. To the teenage readers, who are at the transition from childhood to adulthood, the protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield, who has not quite reached the brink of manhood, becomes the reader's hero. The adolescent mind that Salinger portrays so accurately in his novel is one with which most teenagers and readers, at one time or another, could identify. The Catcher in the Rye also contains universal themes that, for teenagers about to shift into adulthood, help young adults bett er understand the world and other people. Although it does contain abusive language and sexual connotations, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger should not be censored in high schools because it provides insightful information and relevance to the life of young adults through its realistic situations and themes of acceptance and materialism. The reader can relate to the realistic situations, such as the scene at the Lunts play, present in the novel. Salinger portrays "real life while he "She saw some jerk she knew on the other side of the lobby. Some guy in one of those very dark gray flannel suits and one of those checkered vests. Strictly Ivy League. Big Deal...The worst part was, the jerk had one of those very phony, Ivy League voices, one of those very tired, snobby voices" (127, 128). The theme of materialism also gives insight to the average teenage reader. Salinger uses clever mockery to illustrate to the reader how inane teenagers act over materialistic objects. This is particularly evident when Holden elaborates about suitcases: The thing is, it's really hard to be roommates with people if your suitcases are much better than theirs - if yours are really good ones and theirs aren't. You think if they're intelligent and all, the other person, and have a good sense of humor, that they don't give a damn whose suitcases are better, but they do. They really do. It's one of the reasons why I roomed with a stupid bastard like Stradlater. At least his suitcases were as good as mine" (109). Apparent in this quote, Salinger purposefully makes Holden appear foolish, ridiculing teenagers' materialistic nature. Salinger makes a connection to teenagers through the protagonist's materialism. Deliberately forcing the teenager to examine his or her own shallowness, Salinger illustrates how Holden and his roommate eventually separate, not because they did not like each other, but because one had inferior suitcases. Not only does the adolescent reader think Holden is asinine and absurd, but the reader also observes the callow and silly need for materialistic items within himself or herself. The theme of materialism in The Catcher in the Rye allows teenagers to witness how senseless their need for materialism is, which is necessary concept for adolescents who are making the transition to adulthood. Another necessary idea that Salinger presents in the novel is the theme of acceptance. Holden frequently examines his role in society, finding that he is often isolated from adolescents his own age and even, at times, made to feel inadequate. Holden distances himself from his friends and family because of such feelings. In the end, Holden realizes that he does need people to whom he can relate. At the close of the novel, Holden says, "About all I know is, I sort of miss everybody I told about. Even old Stradlater and Ackley, for instance. I think I even miss that goddam Maurice. It's funny. Don't ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everything" (217), letting his emotions of inadequacy and need for acceptance escape. Many teenagers can identify with Holden's feelings, and it is these very sentiments that may lead some

Matthias Duwel`s painting Consumer Consumption Essay

Matthias Duwel`s painting Consumer Consumption - Essay Example It is evident from the study that Matthias Duwel, the author of the painting ‘Consumer Consumption’ has taken the opportunity of presenting his painting to discuss what the terms flux and stability mean to him with respect to his art and the environment around him. He states that flux is a constant state of dynamism where people keep moving from one place to another, whereas stability is a balanced state of mind which is rarely possible in the world we live in. Thus, flux is the reality that people are living within on a global scale. The painting helps to show how everything in the world is in a constant state of flux, and thus out of control. One may see a series of homes right in the centre of the painting, whirling out in a chaos of colours that overpower the residences. This helps to show how people are constantly moving in order to keep themselves happy; they take up material aspects of life thinking that such a constant switch from one thing to another will help t hem to retain their interest in living. People do not pay heed to their emotions anymore on a frequent basis and need to be reminded of a time when ambition and desire were lesser mortals in the face of life and adversity. With the growing desire for more and more, people have begun to destroy nature in order to feed their hunger for avarice and are not able to remember the simple things that life has to offer to them. Urban populace is growing day by day, wiping out all strands of the green and lush environment; as shown in the painting, all kinds of material objects are growing out of the few trees on the planet, which are subsequently decreasing in number and size. Moreover, the depiction of size of the homes and plants in comparison to the array and myriad of colours and objects may also be a reference to importance people give to these aspects rather than worrying about their ‘roots’. In this work of Matthias Duwel’s, the populist idea of a free, orderly and stable society has completely been deconstructed, giving way to individualism, free thinking as well as self determination. However at the same time, this constant state of flux is almost even more constantly obstructed by disasters that nature strikes upon man. For example, earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons and floods are all natural disasters that strike from time to time, a way of nature telling man that it is probably tired of the pressure that has been put on its resources. Nature cannot be taken for granted anymore, because otherwise the potential hazard of man becoming extinct will soon also become a reality. In conclusion, the fragmented landscape depicted in Duwel’s painting is a reminder for people to understand the concept of abundance. Strips of malls and other facilities are more common these days than looking at trees planted on a boulevard and thus, in order to stop this injustice, people need to stop and pay heed to these things that actually make up life rat her than succumbing to their callous ways. Thus, the focus of this art pieces has shifted from decaying urbanity to the growth and hubris that man survives within these days and calls ‘comfort’

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

International Business Environment - Essay Example (Koontz 1984) Gabor (1990) in his analysis has mentioned that the theory of management has developed over the past one-hundred years growing from the time and motion studies of engineers to get influenced by the social movements or events; from a decentralized operation to the concept of looking for the best or supremeoperative mode of an organization or Total Quality Management or TQM. (Gabor, 1990) There are various theories associated with the organizational management and those theories are developed based on functionality of various departments. Those theories are revised with the time depending on various real life examples (incidents of various departments in various organizations) over the world. All those theories have various advantages as well as some limitations. In this paper the focus is to analyze three of the following theories, their applications and most importantly what are their advantages and what are the limitations. The Three theories are: International Product Life cycle theory; Krugman’s First Mover Advantage Theory and Porter’s Diamond model. The life cycle of any product can be divided into four distinct parts namely: introduction phase, growth phase, maturity and decline phase. When any particular product first introduce in the market then the demand for that product remains high as people wants to buy the new product. Soon after the introduction, the product often passes through the growth phase where the sales volume hit the top. Slowly it reaches the maturity phase when the demand and supply meets one point and the product is able to reach its ultimate high in terms of demand. This is the normal product life cycle associated with any product all over the globe. The IPLC or international product life cycle model was first designed by Vernon in the year of 1966. The main objective of this mode was to develop an advanced trade theory beyond David Ricardo’s static framework of comparative advantages which was designed in

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay Describe how incorrect handling and moving techniques can damage the skin. Identify a range of interventions that can reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pressure sores. Describe the changes to an individual skin conditions that should be reported. It is important to avoid or prevent the vulnerable areas or where sores has already formed. Regularly changing position or moving helps to prevent pressure sores developing in a vulnerable areas or to relieve already existing ones. In every clients risk assessment notes it must be shown how often they need to be moved it could be every 15 min. r might be every 2 hours. Risk assessment as well should be suggesting how to prevent putting pressure on existing ones or vulnerable areas. Also might be helpful: correct sitting lying positions how best to support feet to keep good posture the special equipment There are range of special mattresses and cushions to relieve pressure on vulnerable parts of body. Most popular are the ones that can be connected to flow of air. Which is automatically regulated to reduce pressure as and when required. Special dressings and bandages can be used to protect and to speed up the healing of pressure sores. Topical preparations such as cream and ointments can speed up healing process and prevent further tissue damage. Antibiotics and antiseptic creams might be used to prevent infection and bacteria spreading. Certain dietary supplements such as protein, zinc, vitamin c can be helpful. If clients diet lacks vitamins and minerals skin may be more likely to develop pressure sores. Debridement ,maggot therapy,surgery has been known to be helpful. Carrying out a regular checks are necessary for evidence of an early signs of the condition. Any dis-coloration of skin any patches of skin that feel unusually spongy or tough to touch must be recorder into clients personal file and a person in charge informed. Outcome 2 identify legislation and nation guidelines affecting pressure area care describe agreed ways of working relating to pressure area care describe why team working is important in relation to providing pressure area care Every company has different policies how to prevent pressure sores and how to deal with the situation when it happens. First and most important is new staff training introducing to the rules how to follow regular checks on clients,how vital is to read risk assessments and how to record ,for the other members of staff to be informed what was noticed who was informed and how the problem was solved. Team work can do wonders for clients well being,when staff is well trained and keep each other informed about every simple change the maximum success can be achieved. Unit HSC 2028 Move and position individuals to their plan of care. Every single client with difficulties to move has a detail notes how it has to be done and how they prefer to be moved. Because of their individual conditions the normal movement of some joints might not be possible or restricted. It is important to understand how joints work together to achieve the understanding in what is the best way to move the client. Special exercises designed to suit different conditions can be very useful. A physiotherapist would be the one who makes an assessment keeping in mind clients condition e. . following a stroke the client usually has weakness in the left side of the body so physiotherapist will aim to create a work out plan to strengthen the weaker side of the body after hip joint replacement surgery client must feel lots of pain and weakness in the leg as well as stiffness. The physiotherapist will be aware of conditions and will make a plan suitable for this condition. Most of people in wheelchairs have a set of special designed exercises to keep their fitness levels and firm muscles.

The Story of an Hour Essay -- English Literature

The Story of an Hour In 1894, Kate Chopin wrote, "The Story of an Hour." In this fictional tale the author describes the experience of Louise Mallard, a woman with heart trouble, immediately after receiving news of her husbands death. Unlike the expected reaction, Louise actually has a moment of relief realizing the freedoms she now has, which were taken from her by an unhappy marriage. All the events of the story take place within an hour in Louise's home. In the final minutes of the hour, Mrs. Mallard is shocked to see that her husband walks through the front door alive and well, which causes her to have a heart attack and die. While her family believes she had a heart attack because she was overjoyed, the author leads us to conclude the heart attack was actually caused by her realization that the freedoms she looked forward too were no longer a reality. Kate Chopin's description of what the main character feels and sees shows us how this is possible. The story is very well written as it flows from one paragraph to another each presenting a new idea or information for the reader. The story begins by informing us that Louise's husband, Brently Mallard, was killed in a railroad disaster. Being that Louise has a heart condition, her family was concerned with how she would react to the bad news. Her sister, Josephine, broke the news to her. She immediately cried as expected but the interesting part of the story is when she goes into her room and locks the door. While Mrs. Mallard is slouched in a chair her experience doesn't feel that tragic at all. The mood is rather peaceful and relaxing. The reader is reminded more of a sunny day than a gloomy sky. At this point it is almost confusing but Kate Chopin... ...the prisoner is put in handcuffs and taken back to his cell where he is reminded he will be for life. Imagine the mental strain that would cause the prisoner. I believe Mrs. Mallard's situation to be very similar. This is why after careful review of the text I am convinced that Louise's reaction to seeing her husband was still alive, was complete disappointment rather than joy. It was all her newfound hopes and dreams of a future of happiness destroyed due to the fact she would still be a wife. Just as Josephine was wrong about what Louise was going through in the bedroom, the doctors were wrong by saying she died of "a joy that kills."(315) WORKS CITED Chopin, Kate. "The Story of an Hour." Literature and Society: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction. Eds. Pamela J. Annas and Robert C. Rosen. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. 313-316.

Importance of Data Collection

Introduction This report will give an overview of the aim behind collecting data, types of data collected, methods used and how the collection of the data supports the department’s practices. It will also give a brief outlook on the importance of legislation in recording, storing and accessing data. Why Organisations Need to Collect Data To satisfy legal requirement: every few months there is some request from the government sector to gather, maintain and reports lots of information back to them on how many people do we have in the organization, working hours, how much our expenses for the whole year, we should keep data stored in case information is needed to defend the company legal actions that could arise at any time To provide documentation in the event of a claim: safety legislation and health required that require that records are kept of accidents , whenever an employee make claims to employment tribunals and the employer need to defend such a case he will demands on t he accuracy and comprehensive of personal records * To provide the organization with information to make decision: since the computer software is developed the information is more readily available, will aid identify problems and helps in taking decision in relation to promotion and salary increases.Types of data that is collected within the organization and how each supports HR or L&D practices There are 2 types of Data that is collected by HR Functions and below is a description of each explaining who they support the HR and L&D functions. Quantitative data are the data that uses metrics/numbers, usually numbers act as magic whereas it eases out work & make it efficient. Adding out numbers add value to your work, it usually supports your report & act as solid evidence. Such data are used for decision making.Qualitative Data is intangible data, used as information & kept as records for feedbacks & reference once needed. Usually assist in improving processes & fasten them out but do not give clear measures. It could be elaborated much further & then used as quantitative data. (2) Methods of Storing Records & their Benefits: * Manually: * Some data are still being stored manually, especially those documents that require signatures or kept for the Government. * Manual data storing is easy to use as it does not required specific training; however it takes a lot of space and time. The department started to scan those documents and upload them to the virtual data base to ensure a friendlier environment and for security purposes. * Electronically: * The main system used in the organisation is SAP. * Storing data electronically via SAP is highly efficient as the data is integrated. * The program needs to be updated only once to be implemented throughout the company. * It is accurate and reduces human error. * It has different keys for accessing authority. * The downside of this implementation is its high cost. Also, it may take a longtime to get a return on the inves tment. Importance of Legislation: Legislation is a very important part when it comes to data recording, storing and accessing. * The company has different keys when it comes to accessing data. * Code of Business Ethics Policy is applied to all employees in the company. * This policy includes information on Confidential Information and Disclosure. * The use or disclosure information must be for Company purposes only and not for personal benefits. * To preserve confidentiality, disclosure and discussion of confidential information should be limited to those Employees who need access to the information in the course of their work. 2) UK Legislations that related to confidentiality of records: 1. The Human Rights Act: * Allows you to have privacy and not be discriminated against as an employee. 2. Data Protection Act 1998: 1. Processed for limited purpose. 2. Fairly and lawfully processed. 3. Accurate 4. Adequate, relevant and not excessive. 5. Not kept for longer than needed. 6. Secure 7. Processed in line with the rights of data subject. 8. Not transferred to countries outside the EU without adequate protection. Data must be processed fairly and legally:Processing applies to all uses of data from collecting and storing data, to retrieving, organizing and destroying it There are two main conditions. Either the data subject must give their permission or the processing is necessary for legal or contractual reasons. For data to be processed ‘fairly’: * The data subject should know who the data controller is; * Why the data is being processed and any other necessary information, such as the likely consequences of the processing. * Individuals must not be deceived or misled as to why the information is needed.For data to be processed ‘legally’: * It must not lead to any kind of discrimination and should not go against other laws such as the Human Rights Act 1998 Personal data must be accurate and where necessary, kept up-to-date. * Incorrect and misleading data are inaccurate. Data users should record data accurately and take reasonable steps to check the accuracy of information they receive from data subjects or anybody else. * Managers should review personal information held so that only up to date and accurate information is kept. Appendices

Case Study Mercy Corps Essay

Introduction At the fourth biennial Mercy Corps leadership conference in November 2006 executive leadership described the well-known, internal complications at Mercy Corps as a large organization ($194 million budget in 2006) that â€Å"has to focus on two core areas: international relief and development† (Grossman & King, 2008). The status of the organization was examined in detail by the Harvard Business School case study and a number of problems were revealed. This analysis is based on the information provided by the case study and addresses four issues. The first section discusses three forms of differentiation and how they are relevant to Mercy Corps. The second section addresses the five different forms of integration in an organization. The third section evaluates the use of differentiation and integration in the organization and the success of differentiation and integration. In the last section I examine whether Mercy Corps is a mechanistic organization or organic organization. Changes in Differentiation As discussed in class and in assigned reading for PUB M 511 there are three forms of differentiation. This is essentially how an organization divides its labor into distinct tasks and then coordinates them (Hodge & Anthony, handout). Hodge & Anthony have defined the three forms of differentiation as: 1. Horizontal differentiation – differentiation of work into tasks at the same level of organization. 2. Vertical differentiation – division of work by level of authority, hierarchy, or chain of command. 3. Spatial differentiation – refers to geographical dispersion. All three forms of differentiation are relevant to key issues in the Mercy Corps case. Horizontal differentiation is clearly evident when the four program directors formerly supervising 40 country directors were replaced by six regional program directors. Effectively, a new department was added and the reporting structure was changed so that country directors were now reporting to their respective regional director who reported to the Portland, OR HQ and not the program directors in Portland, OR. Because the reporting structure was changed the country directors now had one more step before reaching the HQ. On the other hand country directors now had a faster response rate for questions that were not critical. Vertical differentiation was also apparent at Mercy Corps. One example of vertical differentiation at Mercy Corps was Zimmerman’s position. Originally program directors reported to the president but now regional program directors (replaced the four program directors) reported to Zimmerman. This removed the president from the regional program directors; it also helped the president focus on strategic initiatives and become the face of the organization instead of the day-to-day administrative functions. Mercy Corps had a strong sense of spatial differentiation. With 3,000 team members spread out across the world the organization had a strategy that kept the teams abroad aligned with the mission. All teams, despite their geographical locations, align their country goals to their greater vision and mission of Mercy Corps. Although country directors get great autonomy in how they run their program and where their funding comes from they still are working towards a shared goal. Changes in Integration Many of the forms of integration were significant in the Mercy Corps case. As defined by Hodge & Anthony in the handout provided in class the Five Forms of Integration are defined as: 1. Formalization – utilization of formal rules, policies and procedures. 2. Centralization of decision-making or authority – refers to the place in the hierarchy where decisions are made. 3. Span of Control – refers to the number of immediate subordinate positions a managerial position controls or coordinates. 4. Standardization – integration can be achieved through a process, input (human resources and materials), and output standardization. 5. Nonstructural means for integration – refers to the coordination mechanisms including liaison roles, teams, culture, information systems, and communication processes. The Mercy Corps case starts out using formalization at the country director – president. Communication channels are well defined and employee and staff know whom they report to. After the addition of regional directors another layer was added to the communication process. The policies and procedures were formalized and understood by all employees and staff and followed so that funding and program goals could be met. Centralization was not evident at the organization level. It was evident at the country level, where country directors were given permission to run their programs in the most efficient way for that country. Span of control was reasonable for the staff of Mercy Corps. Previously the four program directors had 40 direct reports. This changed when six regional program directors. While span of control was manageable the standardization process was not. The human resources team small compared to other organizations of the same size. The human resources team also was based primarily out of the Portland, OR office with one person in Scotland. In terms of non-structural means for integration, Mercy Corps has liaison roles and communication processes in place. Mercy Corps also has a culture that is adapted by all teams across the globe. Appropriateness of Use of Differentiation and Integration & Success with Differentiation and Integration Mercy Corps used differentiation and integration in a successful way. By leveraging both the highs and the lows of differentiation and integration the organization can function at high operational and strategic level. Mechanistic Organization vs. Organic Organization Mercy Corps as a whole runs like a very mechanistic organization. While the country offices run more similarly to a organic organization. As defined in the handout by Hodge & Anthony a mechanistic organization is: high vertical and horizontal complexity, high formalization, narrow spans of control, high centralization and high standardization. While a organic organization is defined as: low vertical and horizontal complexity, low formalization, broad spans of control, low centralization and low standardization. Conclusion In conclusion, Mercy Corps embodies high differentiation and integration at an organizational level. At the field/country level it seems to operate more on a low differentiation and integration. Therefore, the organization as a whole is run as a mechanistic organization and the field offices are run more organically with more autonomy. References Grossman, Allen S. , and Caroline King. â€Å"Mercy Corps: Positioning the Organization to Reach New Heights. † The Harvard Business School (2008): 1-24. Print. Hodge, Anthony and Gales. Organizational Goals and Effectiveness, Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach. 6th Ed. , 2002. Print. Hodge, Anthony and Gales. The Nature of Structure and Design, Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach. 6th Ed. , 2002. Print. Morgan, Gareth. Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006. Print.

The Solar System essays

The Solar System essays The Solar System consists of the Sun, the nine planets and their satellites; the comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and interplanetary dust and gas. It is composed of two systems, the inner solar system and the outer solar system. The inner solar system contains the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer solar system contains Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The inner planets are relatively small and made primarily of rock and iron. The asteroids orbit the sun in a belt beyond the orbit of Mars, tumbling and sometimes colliding with one another. Made mostly of rock and iron, the asteroids may be the remnants of a planet that never formed. The outer planets, with the exception of Pluto, are much larger and made mainly of hydrogen, helium, and ice. Many astronomers believe that Pluto was and interstellar wanderer that was captured by the Suns gravity and was not an original part of the solar system. The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus, though all except mercury and Pluto are very nearly circular. The orbits of the planets are all more or less in the same plane that is called the ecliptic. The ecliptic is inclined only seven degrees from the plane of the ecliptic with and inclination of seventeen degrees. Again with the exception of Pluto, the planets all orbit the sun in almost the same plane. The average distance of the earth to the sun is used as a standard for measuring distances in the solar system and is called an astronomical unit (AU). One AU is about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers. Mercury the planet closest to the sun is at about 0.387 AU. Pluto is the outermost planet, and it is 39.44 AU from the sun. The heilopause is the boundary between the solar system and interstellar space, and it is about 100 AU from the sun. The comets, however, achieve the greatest distance from the Sun; they have highly eccentric orbits ranging out to 50,000 AU or mo...

Six Sigma DMAIC Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Six Sigma DMAIC Process - Essay Example There is, in turn, an increasing support for the view that a Six Sigma team can do its work better in process and product improvement if the project uses the DMAIC approach. This paper aims to gain a better understanding of the DMAIC process by dissecting the corresponding tools that make it such a widely accepted instrument for a Six Sigma quality improvement plan. The Six Sigma process is about organizational change and the six elements referred to in the term, which serve as its change agents, are: leadership, champions, sponsors, master black belts, black belts and green belts (Pyzdek online). The reference to karate cannot be helped because the concept was developed by the Japanese who took over Motorola in the 1970s when competition was driving the US operations of the Japanese company to the edge of bankruptcy. One of the main reasons was that Motorola, which manufactured the Quasar TV sets in the US, could not keep up with foreign competitors who were able to produce high-quality products at lower costs. The Japanese themselves are credited with the earlier conceptualization of total quality management in their tenacious search for quality improvement in the 1950s. This was adopted in the US in the 1960s and in Europe in the 1980s. TQM attacks problems on product or service efficiency based on the premise that all activities in an organ ization contribute to quality or lack of it. However, total quality management has lately come into disuse because of perceptions that quality improvement is an exclusive function of the quality department such that it is confined to the assigned quality circles and a few industrial engineers. Thus, it is concentrated on enhancing the organizational processes with the use of statistical methods and on defect reductions, with less consideration given to improving the bottom line (Das online). The Six Sigma method has a more expanded an all-encompassing focus. At Motorola, the Japanese carried out the first Six Sigma project by finding ways to make production better, faster and cheaper, using the same workforce, the same technology and designs but a different management approach (Pyzdek online). As a result, Motorola was soon producing with less than 1 percent of the number of defects noted before in its products and services. Both the complete Six Sigma principle and the Lean Six Sigma version, when put to use with the participation and commitment of all departments, have proven effective in realizing significant savings in operational costs, speeding up the product life cycle and reducing non-value added activities (George, 2002). The complete Six Sigma process may be applied to cost-cutting and reducing variations while the Lean Six Sigma version may be applied only to 3 or 4 operational areas, such as the human resource, production and service

Week 3 Discussion Questions and Participation Questions Essay - 1

Week 3 Discussion Questions and Participation Questions - Essay Example When a firm uses product differentiation the market structure of the firm is monopolistic competition. Examples of firms that use product differentiation are fast food companies such as McDonalds and Burger King. I believe that my firm could not benefit from product differentiation due to its integration to a perfect competition marketplace. Product differentiation would be an added cost that would not provide the firm with any added benefits. I agree that competition in price and services can be as effective as price strategies. Proving a top customer service can improve the customer retention rate of the company. Quality products that last a long time help companies built a good reputation which increases sales in the long run. Since they are not able to achieve economic profits in the long run corporations prefer to use non price competition. There are dangers associated with price competition such as price wars. The use of non price factors such as marketing campaigns can improve the demand for the product without having to reduce the price. A way to maintain the ability to be the sole participation in the marketplace companies can the legal protection that comes from obtaining a patent. A patent protects a company’s product for 17 years. Patents are utilized a lot in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the massive amounts of money these firms invest in R&D they need patent protection to be able to get a return on their investment. A patent is the best way to achieve legal protection that allows a firm to participate in a monopoly marketplace. Despite the fact monopolist can charge any price they want due to the lack of competition the monopolist structure is still subject to the law of supply and demand. I do not agree with the statement that monopolist raise price until customers are not willing to pay more. A lot of monopolists exist to serve a social purpose. For example the utilities companies often have regional